Glossary

One of a pair of organs in the abdomen. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body. The kidneys also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells.

Small, hard deposits that form in the kidneys from the buildup of minerals and salts in the urine. Kidney stones can cause severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, and can sometimes lead to infection or damage to the kidneys. Treatment options may include pain management, increased fluid intake, or surgical removal of the stones.

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria of cells and are involved in the production of ATP, the body's main source of energy. The Krebs cycle begins with the breakdown of glucose and ends with the production of carbon dioxide and water, as well as ATP.